加密機構
金融機構慈善机构通常与恐怖主义资助或洗钱没有关联。然而，它们可以被犯罪分子用来隐藏非法资金。近年来，越来越多的慈善机构被牵涉到金融丑闻中。自疫情以来，这种情况尤其明显，英国有65%的慈善机构感觉到更大的欺诈风险。仅在2021年，英国的慈善机构就因为欺诈损失了860万英镑。
为了保证安全，慈善机构应遵循政府的规定，验证捐款的发送者和接收者。在本文中，我们提供了如何做到这一点的概述。
主要内容
- 什么是慈善机构的洗钱？
- 慈善机构的洗钱是如何进行的？
- 慈善机构洗钱的例子
- 如何防止慈善机构的洗钱？
什么是慈善机构的洗钱？
这是指慈善机构和其他非营利组织（NPOs）被用于洗钱的目的。
犯罪分子选择慈善机构洗钱有几个原因。他们受到公众的信任，并且有某些特权（例如，税收豁免）。此外，一些慈善机构在国际上开展工作，这意味着他们可能会与高风险国家打交道，在这些地方很难检测到犯罪活动。这种因素的结合使得慈善机构成为非法资金的有利途径。
慈善机构的洗钱是如何进行的？
通过慈善机构进行的洗钱可以采取多种形式。一些最常见的类型包括：
资金滥用
慈善机构的资金可能被犯罪分子滥用，进行非法交易、投资、购买等。
滥用慈善资源
犯罪分子可以渗透到慈善机构中——例如，作为员工——以获取其资产并通过该组织进行洗钱。
冒充慈善机构
犯罪分子可以假装是现有的慈善机构，欺骗捐赠者并进行洗钱。
壳慈善机构
犯罪分子可以建立一个看似合法的全新慈善机构，但实际上是洗钱的幌子。
慈善机构洗钱的例子
最近，“密歇根州美国癌症协会”向IRS申请免税。结果这个慈善机构是假的，但仍然获得了IRS的批准。策划这个计划的人还建立了76个其他的假慈善机构以逃税。
2019年，一名英国男子因销售假冒补充剂并通过他经营的一家名为Chabad UK的慈善机构洗了超过1000万英镑的钱，被判入狱10年。
这些例子显示了慈善机构如何被监管者忽视，以及金融机构为什么需要验证他们合作的慈善机构。
识别慈善机构洗钱的迹象
有几个特定于慈善机构的洗钱迹象：
- 来自未知来源的异常大额一次性捐款或一系列小额捐款
- 对捐款使用的异常条件
在这种情况下，慈善机构应要求捐赠者识别自己，并要求解释。
如何防止慈善机构的洗钱
金融行动特别工作组（FATF）有几项关于如何打击慈善机构洗钱的指导方针。包括：
- 采用一个关于捐赠者的信息收集系统
- 采用金融行业中其他公司的合规实践
- 实施适当的尽职调查程序
- 遵守反洗钱（AML）法律
这包括指定一个合规官员来建立尽职调查系统，为员工进行充分的培训，并作为尽职调查过程的一部分，识别和验证捐赠者和受益者。
监控和报告可疑活动
慈善机构需要监控资金从哪里来，接下来去哪里。如果出现犯罪活动的嫌疑，员工应立即向管理层报告，管理层应联系相关当局。
为了简化识别和验证过程，以及确保捐款的完整性，公司可以实施自动化验证解决方案。这样，慈善机构可以在每个捐赠者和受益者的手动验证上花费更少的资源。
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